![]() ![]() This panel study demonstrates that U-Pb may be a valid alternative to blood Pb for biomonitoring changes in exposure to lead, at least at group level. An increase in AM BC of 1 μm2 was associated with an increase in U-Pb of 0.369 μg/g creat (95% CI: 0.145, 0.593). ![]() U-Pb remained unchanged in the other two groups. In the LMIC group, U-Pb decreased significantly with time by 0.061 μg/g creatinine per 30 days. Participants from the LMIC group had significantly higher initial U-Pb (1.18 μg/g creat) than the HIC group (0.44 μg/g creat) and BE group (0.45 μg/g creat). Only U-Pb differed between groups and exhibited significant time trends. Changes in urinary metal concentrations (with and without creatinine correction) and the relationship between U-Pb and AM BC were estimated using linear mixed models adjusted for covariates and potential confounders. At each time point, AM BC was quantified as the median surface of black inclusions (in μm2) by means of image analysis of 25 macrophages obtained by induced sputum. In urine spot samples obtained at 5 time points (T1, T2, T4, T6, T8), 24 trace elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We aimed to study the temporal change of urinary Pb (U-Pb) when exposure to outdoor air pollution changes, and the relationship between U-Pb and AM BC.Ī panel of 50 young healthy adults, including 17 long-term (>1 year) residents in Leuven, Belgium (BE), 15 and 18 newcomers (arrived <3 weeks) from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC), respectively, underwent 8 repeated measurements at 6 weeks intervals. In urban environments, atmospheric Pb and black carbon may have common sources. Carbon load in airway macrophages (AM BC) is an internal marker to assess long-term exposure to combustion-derived aerosol particles. Urinary lead (Pb) is generally considered to have limited use in biomonitoring environmental exposure to lead.
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